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<title>Concept map</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concept map</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For concept maps in <a href="Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generic programming</a>, see <a href="Concept_(generic_programming)" title="Concept (generic programming)">Concept (generic programming)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bubble map" redirects here. For the type of thematic map, see <a href="Proportional_symbol_map" title="Proportional symbol map">Proportional symbol map</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Information mapping</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

Topics and fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Business_decision_mapping" title="Business decision mapping">Business decision mapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Data_and_information_visualization" title="Data and information visualization">Data visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Graphic_communication" title="Graphic communication">Graphic communication</a></li>

<li><a href="Infographic" title="Infographic">Infographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Information_design" title="Information design">Information design</a></li>

<li><a href="Knowledge_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge visualization">Knowledge visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_model" title="Mental model">Mental model</a></li>

<li><a href="Morphological_analysis_(problem-solving)" title="Morphological analysis (problem-solving)">Morphological analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology (information science)</a></li>

<li><a href="Schema_(psychology)" title="Schema (psychology)">Schema (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_language" title="Visual language">Visual language</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

Node–link approaches</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument map</a></li>

<li><a href="Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_map" title="Cognitive map">Cognitive map</a></li>

<li><a href="Concept_lattice" class="mw-redirect" title="Concept lattice">Concept lattice</a></li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_graph" title="Conceptual graph">Conceptual graph</a></li>

<li><a href="Decision_tree" title="Decision tree">Decision tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Dendrogram" title="Dendrogram">Dendrogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbolic_tree" title="Hyperbolic tree">Hyperbolic tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypertext" title="Hypertext">Hypertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Issue-based_information_system" title="Issue-based information system">Issue map</a></li>

<li><a href="Issue_tree" title="Issue tree">Issue tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Layered_graph_drawing" title="Layered graph drawing">Layered graph drawing</a></li>

<li><a href="Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">Object-role modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Organizational_chart" title="Organizational chart">Organizational chart</a></li>

<li><a href="Pathfinder_network" title="Pathfinder network">Pathfinder network</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_tree" title="Radial tree">Radial tree</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a></li>

<li><a href="Sociogram" title="Sociogram">Sociogram</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic map</a></li>

<li><a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">Tree structure</a></li>

<li><a href="ZigZag_(software)" title="ZigZag (software)">ZigZag</a></li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;">

See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.9em;">

<ul><li><a href="Design_rationale" title="Design rationale">Design rationale</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagrammatic_reasoning" title="Diagrammatic reasoning">Diagrammatic reasoning</a></li>

<li><a href="Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">Entity–relationship model</a></li>

<li><a href="Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontology" title="Ontology">Ontology (philosophy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Web" title="Semantic Web">Semantic Web</a></li>

<li><a href="Treemapping" title="Treemapping">Treemapping</a></li>

<li><a href="Wicked_problem" title="Wicked problem">Wicked problem</a></li></ul></td>

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<p>A <b>concept map</b> or <b>conceptual diagram</b> is a <a href="Diagram" title="Diagram">diagram</a> that depicts suggested relationships between <a href="Concept" title="Concept">concepts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concept maps may be used by <a href="Instructional_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Instructional designer">instructional designers</a>, <a href="Engineer" title="Engineer">engineers</a>, <a href="Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">technical writers</a>, and others to organize and structure <a href="Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a>.

</p><p>A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, which it connects with labeled arrows, often in a downward-branching hierarchical structure but also in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/free-form" class="extiw external" title="wikt:free-form">free-form</a> maps.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanzing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanzing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RomanceVitale1999_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanceVitale1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationship between concepts can be articulated in <i><a href="Transition_(linguistics)" title="Transition (linguistics)">linking phrases</a></i> such as "causes", "requires", "such as" or "contributes to".<sup id="cite_ref-theory_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The technique for <a href="Visualization_(graphic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (graphic)">visualizing</a> these relationships among different concepts is called <i>concept mapping</i>. Concept maps have been used to define the <a href="Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">ontology</a> of computer systems, for example with the <a href="Object-role_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-role modeling">object-role modeling</a> or <a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> formalism.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_other_visualizations">Differences from other visualizations</h2></div>

<ul><li><i><a href="Topic_map" title="Topic map">Topic maps</a></i>: Both concept maps and topic maps are kinds of <a href="Knowledge_graph" title="Knowledge graph">knowledge graph</a>, but topic maps were developed by <a href="Information_management" title="Information management">information management</a> professionals for <a href="Semantic_interoperability" title="Semantic interoperability">semantic interoperability</a> of data (originally for <a href="Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">book indices</a>), whereas concept maps were developed by education professionals to support people's learning.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of concept-map researchers <a href="Joseph_D._Novak" title="Joseph D. Novak">Joseph D. Novak</a> and Bob Gowin, their approach to concept mapping is based on a "learning theory that focuses on concept and propositional learning as the basis on which individuals construct their own idiosyncratic meanings".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovakGowin19847_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovakGowin19847-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li><i><a href="Mind_maps" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind maps">Mind maps</a></i>: Both concept maps and topic maps can be contrasted with mind mapping, which is restricted to a <a href="Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanzing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanzing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concept maps can be more free-form,<sup id="cite_ref-RomanceVitale1999_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RomanceVitale1999-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as multiple hubs and clusters can be created, unlike mind maps, which emerge from a single center.<sup id="cite_ref-Lanzing_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lanzing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>Concept mapping was developed by the professor of education <a href="Joseph_D._Novak" title="Joseph D. Novak">Joseph D. Novak</a> and his research team at <a href="Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> in the 1970s as a means of representing the emerging science knowledge of students.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has subsequently been used as a way to increase meaningful learning in the sciences and other subjects as well as to represent the expert knowledge of individuals and teams in education, government and business. Concept maps have their origin in the learning movement called <a href="Constructivism_(learning_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivism (learning theory)">constructivism</a>. In particular, constructivists hold that learners actively construct knowledge.

</p><p>Novak's work is based on the cognitive theories of <a href="David_Ausubel" title="David Ausubel">David Ausubel</a>, who stressed the importance of prior knowledge in being able to learn (or <i>assimilate</i>) new concepts: "The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach accordingly."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Novak taught students as young as six years old to make concept maps to represent their response to focus questions such as "What is water?" "What causes the seasons?" In his book <i>Learning How to Learn</i>, Novak stated that a "meaningful learning involves the assimilation of new concepts and propositions into existing cognitive structures."

</p><p>Various attempts have been made to conceptualize the process of creating concept maps.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McAleese suggested that the process of making knowledge explicit, using <i>nodes</i> and <i>relationships</i>, allows the individual to become aware of what they know and as a result to be able to modify what they know.<sup id="cite_ref-McAleese1998_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAleese1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maria Birbili applied the same idea to helping young children learn to think about what they know.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McAleese's concept of the <a href="Knowledge_arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Knowledge arena">knowledge arena</a> suggests a virtual space where learners may explore what they know and what they do not know.<sup id="cite_ref-McAleese1998_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAleese1998-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p>Concept maps are used to stimulate the generation of ideas, and are believed to aid <a href="Creativity" title="Creativity">creativity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-theory_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theory-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concept mapping is also sometimes used for <a href="Brain-storming" class="mw-redirect" title="Brain-storming">brain-storming</a>. Although they are often personalized and idiosyncratic, concept maps can be used to communicate complex ideas.

</p><p>Formalized concept maps are used in <a href="Software_design" title="Software design">software design</a>, where a common usage is <a href="Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">Unified Modeling Language</a> diagramming amongst similar conventions and development methodologies.

</p><p>Concept mapping can also be seen as a first step in <a href="Ontology_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontology (computer science)">ontology</a>-building, and can also be used flexibly to represent formal argument — similar to <a href="Argument_map" title="Argument map">argument maps</a>.

</p><p>Concept maps are widely used in education and business. Uses include:

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Note_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Note taking">Note taking</a> and summarizing gleaning key concepts, their relationships and hierarchy from documents and source materials</li>

<li>New knowledge creation: e.g., transforming <a href="Tacit_knowledge" title="Tacit knowledge">tacit knowledge</a> into an organizational resource, mapping team knowledge</li>

<li>Institutional knowledge preservation (retention), e.g., eliciting and mapping expert knowledge of employees prior to retirement</li>

<li>Collaborative knowledge modeling and the transfer of expert knowledge</li>

<li>Facilitating the creation of shared vision and shared understanding within a team or organization</li>

<li>Instructional design: concept maps used as <a href="David_Ausubel" title="David Ausubel">Ausubelian</a> "advance organizers" that provide an initial conceptual frame for subsequent information and learning.</li>

<li>Training: concept maps used as <a href="David_Ausubel" title="David Ausubel">Ausubelian</a> "advanced organizers" to represent the training context and its relationship to their jobs, to the organization's strategic objectives, to training goals.</li>

<li>Communicating complex ideas and arguments</li>

<li>Examining the symmetry of complex ideas and arguments and associated terminology</li>

<li>Detailing the entire structure of an idea, <a href="Train_of_thought" title="Train of thought">train of thought</a>, or line of argument (with the specific goal of exposing faults, errors, or gaps in one's own reasoning) for the scrutiny of others.</li>

<li>Enhancing <a href="Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a> (learning to learn, and thinking about knowledge)</li>

<li>Improving language ability</li>

<li>Assessing learner understanding of learning objectives, concepts, and the relationship among those concepts<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Lexicon development</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Cluster_analysis" title="Cluster analysis">Cluster analysis</a> – Grouping a set of objects by similarity</li>

<li><a href="Concept_inventory" title="Concept inventory">Concept inventory</a> – Knowledge assessment tool</li>

<li><a href="Conceptual_framework" title="Conceptual framework">Conceptual framework</a> – Method of organizing information</li>

<li><a href="Group_concept_mapping" title="Group concept mapping">Group concept mapping</a> – Method of organizing groups of related concepts</li>

<li><a href="Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a> – Software engineering visualization</li>

<li>Idea networking</li>

<li><a href="Level_of_measurement" title="Level of measurement">Level of measurement</a> – Distinction between nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio variables</li>

<li><a href="List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software" title="List of concept- and mind-mapping software">List of concept- and mind-mapping software</a></li>

<li><a href="Nomological_network" title="Nomological network">Nomological network</a> – Representation of concepts and relationships between concepts</li>

<li><a href="Personal_knowledge_base" title="Personal knowledge base">Personal knowledge base</a> – Knowledge management software</li>

<li><a href="Rhizome_(philosophy)" title="Rhizome (philosophy)">Rhizome (philosophy)</a> – Philosophical model of the connections present in an assemblage</li>

<li><a href="Semantic_network" title="Semantic network">Semantic network</a> – Knowledge base that represents semantic relations between concepts in a network</li>

<li><a href="Spider_mapping" title="Spider mapping">Spider mapping</a> – Diagram to visually organize information and show relationships between ideas</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Hager, Nancy C. Corbin. <i>Designing & Delivering: Scientific, Technical, and Managerial Presentations,</i> 1997, p. 163.</span>

</li>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFLanzing1998" class="citation journal cs1">Lanzing, Jan (January 1998). "Concept mapping: tools for echoing the minds eye". <i>Journal of Visual Literacy</i>. <b>18</b> (1): 1–14 (4). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23796529.1998.11674524">10.1080/23796529.1998.11674524</a>. <q>Although Novak originally started with the idea of hierarchical tree-shaped concept maps. This idea is not continued by the followers of Novak's technique or has either been dropped altogether. ... The difference between concept maps and mind maps is that a mind map has only one main concept, while a concept map may have several. This means that a mind map can be represented in a hierarchical tree structure.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-RomanceVitale1999-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RomanceVitale1999_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RomanceVitale1999_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRomanceVitale1999" class="citation journal cs1">Romance, Nancy R.; Vitale, Michael R. (Spring 1999). "Concept mapping as a tool for learning: broadening the framework for student-centered instruction". <i><a href="College_Teaching" title="College Teaching">College Teaching</a></i>. <b>47</b> (2): 74–79 (78). <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F87567559909595789">10.1080/87567559909595789</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27558942">27558942</a>. <q>Shavelson et al. (1994) identified a number of variations of the general technique presented here for developing concept maps. These include whether (1) the map is hierarchical or free-form in nature, (2) the concepts are provided with or determined by the learner, (3) the students are provided with or develop their own structure for the map, (4) there is a limit on the number of lines connecting concepts, and (5) the connecting links must result in the formation of a complete sentence between two nodes.</q></cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-theory-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theory_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theory_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNovakCañas2008" class="citation techreport cs1">Novak, Joseph D.; Cañas, Alberto J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/theory-of-concept-maps.php"><i>The theory underlying concept maps and how to construct and use them</i></a> (Technical report). Pensacola, FL: <a href="Institute_for_Human_and_Machine_Cognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute for Human and Machine Cognition">Institute for Human and Machine Cognition</a>. 2006-01 Rev 2008-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGarridoTramullas2004" class="citation book cs1">Garrido, Piedad; Tramullas, Jesús (September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmc.ihmc.us/Papers/cmc2004-226.pdf">"Topic maps: an alternative or a complement to concept maps?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Cañas, Alberto J.; Novak, Joseph D.; González García, Fermín María (eds.). <i>Concept maps: theory, methodology, technology: proceedings of the first International Conference on Concept Mapping, CMC 2004, Pamplona, Spain, Sept 14–17, 2004</i>. Pamplona: Dirección de Publicaciones de la Universidad Pública de Navarra. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.469.1803">10.1.1.469.1803</a></span>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9788497690669</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/433188714">433188714</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovakGowin19847-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovakGowin19847_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNovakGowin1984">Novak & Gowin 1984</a>, p. 7.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ihmc.us/users/user.php?UserID=jnovak">"Joseph D. Novak"</a>. Institute for Human and Machine Cognition (IHMC)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-06</span></span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ausubel, D. (1968). <i>Educational Psychology: A Cognitive View</i>. Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Kunifed, Ali; Wandersee, James H. (1990). "One hundred references related to concept mapping", Journal of Research in Science Teaching', 27: 1069–75.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-McAleese1998-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McAleese1998_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McAleese1998_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McAleese, R. (1998). "The knowledge arena as an extension to the concept map: reflection in action", <i>Interactive Learning Environments</i>, 6(3), p.251–272.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birbili, M. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v8n2/birbili.html">"Mapping knowledge: concept maps in early childhood education"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100914133528/http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v8n2/birbili.html">Archived</a> 2010-09-14 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Early Childhood Research & Practice</i>, 8(2), Fall 2006.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMazany" class="citation web cs1">Mazany, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nagb.gov/content/nagb/assets/documents/publications/frameworks/science/2015-science-framework.pdf">"Science Framework for the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFNovak2009" class="citation book cs1">Novak, J.D. (2009) [1998]. <i>Learning, Creating, and Using Knowledge: Concept Maps as Facilitative Tools in Schools and Corporations</i> (2nd ed.). Routledge. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780415991858</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFNovakGowin1984" class="citation book cs1">Novak, J.D.; Gowin, D.B. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/learninghowtolea00jose"><i>Learning How to Learn</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521319263</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMoonHoffmanNovakCañas2011" class="citation book cs1">Moon, B.M.; Hoffman, R.R.; Novak, J.D.; Cañas, A.J. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/Applied-Concept-Mapping-Capturing-Analyzing-and-Organizing-Knowledge/Moon-Hoffman-Novak-Canas/p/book/9781439828601"><i>Applied Concept Mapping: Capturing, Analyzing, and Organizing Knowledge</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781439828601</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Concept_map" class="extiw external" title="q:Special:Search/Concept map">Concept map</a></b></i>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Concept_map" class="extiw external" title="commons:Concept map"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Concept map</span></a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Concept_mapping" class="extiw external" title="v:Concept mapping">Concept mapping</a></b></i></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621023942/http://www.mind-mapping.org/images/walt-disney-business-map.png">Example of a concept map from 1957</a> by Walt Disney.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Argument_mapping,_concept_mapping,_and_mind_mapping_software676" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Argument_mapping,_concept_mapping,_and_mind_mapping_software676" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Argument_map" title="Argument map">Argument mapping</a>, , and <a href="Mind_map" title="Mind map">mind mapping</a> software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">FOSS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Desktop_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Desktop app">Desktop apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_map#Argdown" title="Argument map">Argdown</a></li>

<li><a href="LibreOffice_Draw" title="LibreOffice Draw">LibreOffice Draw</a></li>

<li><a href="Toolkit_for_Conceptual_Modeling" title="Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling">Toolkit for Conceptual Modeling</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a>-based</i>

<ul><li><a href="Araucaria_(software)" title="Araucaria (software)">Araucaria</a></li>

<li><a href="Compendium_(software)" title="Compendium (software)">Compendium</a></li>

<li><a href="FreeMind" title="FreeMind">FreeMind</a></li>

<li><a href="Freeplane" title="Freeplane">Freeplane</a></li>

<li><a href="PlantUML" title="PlantUML">PlantUML</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Web_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Web app">Web apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Argument_map#Argdown" title="Argument map">Argdown</a></li>

<li><a href="Arg%C3%BCman" title="Argüman">Argüman</a></li>

<li><a href="PGF/TikZ" title="PGF/TikZ">PGF/TikZ</a> in <a href="Overleaf" title="Overleaf">Overleaf</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="3D_Topicscape" title="3D Topicscape">3D Topicscape</a></li>

<li><a href="CmapTools" title="CmapTools">CmapTools</a></li>

<li><a href="ConceptDraw_DIAGRAM" title="ConceptDraw DIAGRAM">ConceptDraw DIAGRAM</a></li>

<li><a href="ConceptDraw_MINDMAP" title="ConceptDraw MINDMAP">ConceptDraw MINDMAP</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visio" title="Microsoft Visio">Microsoft Visio</a></li>

<li><a href="MindManager" title="MindManager">MindManager</a></li>

<li><a href="MindMapper" title="MindMapper">MindMapper</a></li>

<li><a href="OmniGraffle" title="OmniGraffle">OmniGraffle</a></li>

<li><a href="Qiqqa" title="Qiqqa">Qiqqa</a></li>

<li><a href="Semantic_Research" title="Semantic Research">Semantica</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartDraw" title="SmartDraw">SmartDraw</a></li>

<li><a href="TheBrain" title="TheBrain">TheBrain</a></li>

<li><a href="Tinderbox_(application_software)" title="Tinderbox (application software)">Tinderbox</a></li>

<li><a href="Visual_Mind" class="mw-redirect" title="Visual Mind">Visual Mind</a></li>

<li><a href="XMind" title="XMind">XMind</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Web apps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coggle" title="Coggle">Coggle</a></li>

<li><a href="Debategraph" title="Debategraph">Debategraph</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_Drawings" title="Google Drawings">Google Drawings</a></li>

<li><a href="Kialo" title="Kialo">Kialo</a></li>

<li><a href="Lucidchart" title="Lucidchart">Lucidchart</a></li>

<li><a href="Microsoft_Visio" title="Microsoft Visio">Microsoft Visio</a></li>

<li><a href="MindMeister" title="MindMeister">MindMeister</a></li>

<li><a href="MindMup" title="MindMup">MindMup</a></li>

<li><a href="Mindomo" title="Mindomo">Mindomo</a></li>

<li><a href="Prezi" title="Prezi">Prezi</a></li>

<li><a href="SmartDraw" title="SmartDraw">SmartDraw</a></li>

<li><a href="SpicyNodes" title="SpicyNodes">SpicyNodes</a></li>

<li><a href="XMind" title="XMind">XMind</a></li>

<li><a href="Diagrams.net" title="Diagrams.net">Diagrams.net</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> <b>Categories</b>

<ul><li>Argument mapping</li>

<li>Concept mapping software</li>

<li>Mind mapping software</li>

<li>Visual thinking</li>

<li>Knowledge representation</li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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